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| |
Cobalt (μg/L)
| |
|---|
|
Participants [n (%)]
|
Mean ± SD
|
P value
|
|---|
|
Overall
|
1281 (100%)
|
0.20 ± 0.51
| |
|
Age (years)
| | |
< 0.001
|
|
< 60
|
720 (56.2%)
|
0.19 ± 0.57
| |
|
≥ 60
|
561 (43.8%)
|
0.21 ± 0.40
| |
|
Gender
| | |
< 0.001
|
|
Male
|
602 (47.0%)
|
0.18 ± 0.38
| |
|
Female
|
679 (53.0%)
|
0.22 ± 0.60
| |
|
Race
| | |
0.696
|
|
Mexican American
|
180 (14.1%)
|
0.26 ± 1.10
| |
|
Other Hispanic
|
180 (14.1%)
|
0.16 ± 0.13
| |
|
Non-Hispanic White
|
503 (39.3%)
|
0.20 ± 0.42
| |
|
Non-Hispanic Black
|
261 (20.4%)
|
0.17 ± 0.13
| |
|
Other race–including multiracial
|
157 (12.3%)
|
0.20 ± 0.27
| |
|
BMI (kg/m2)
| | |
0.061
|
|
< 25
|
345 (26.9%)
|
0.18 ± 0.30
| |
|
25–30
|
436 (34.0%)
|
0.23 ± 0.73
| |
|
> 30
|
488 (38.1%)
|
0.19 ± 0.35
| |
|
Alcohol use
| | |
0.001
|
|
Yes
|
800 (62.5%)
|
0.19 ± 0.34
| |
|
No
|
385 (30.1%)
|
0.22 ± 0.77
| |
|
PIR
| | |
0.248
|
|
< 1
|
233 (18.2%)
|
0.23 ± 0.97
| |
|
≥ 1
|
910 (71.0%)
|
0.19 ± 0.32
| |
|
Education level
| | |
0.228
|
|
Less than 9th grade
|
156 (12.2%)
|
0.27 ± 1.17
| |
|
9th–11th grade
|
146 (11.4%)
|
0.17 ± 0.25
| |
|
High school graduate/GED or equivalent
|
285 (22.2%)
|
0.20 ± 0.44
| |
|
Some college or AA degree
|
364 (28.4%)
|
0.19 ± 0.31
| |
|
College graduate or above
|
330 (25.8%)
|
0.18 ± 0.20
| |
